SKULL and HEAD

The skull provides the basis for understanding the form of the head. The three large masses of the head are the cranium, the skeleton of the face and jaw. Consider the forms of these masses simply. The cranium as a sphere, the face as a flat plane that descends off the cranium and tapers toward the chin and the jaw as a horse shoe shape that hinges underneath. Notice where the skull protrudes to provide landmarks, where it recedes under the flesh. (Following two examples are from Szunyoghy's Human Anatomy for Artists)

The profile of skull. Notice the ear hole location, not centered but 2/3 of the way toward the back. Also see how the head rests slightly forward on the neck.

Below we have an example from Bridgman's Constructive Anatomy. Here he illustrates some of the muscles in the head. Good to consider as for developing from and gesture in the face.

BEGINNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HEAD

In the construction of the head, it is better to begin with a cube in stead of the familiar oval. The oval is non -specific, the eye won't rest on a curve and cannot find a register point. The cube gives a sense of mass, perspective, foreshortening, angle/ tilt. Also importantly, it gives a sense of the third edge. From this starting point we can begin thinking of planes as they relate to the head - top, front, two sides, back, and bottom.

The basic measurements for the cube are 2/3 wide, 3/3 high. The side of the cube (profile) is 7/8 of the height. ( From the profile it looks ALMOST square, from the front (face) it is a tall rectangle.)

The basic proportions and location of the facial features can be constructed as the example demonstrates (Example is from the website Draw23.)

-A Vertical Line down the center from top of head to chin. Through this line we see the Bilateral Symmetry of the features.

-A Horizontal Line is placed at the halfway point. This indicates the lower lids of the eyes.

- The whole height can be again divided, but this time in thirds. The upper horizontal line indicating the middle of the forehead, the second the base of the nose. In the bottom third, two thirds of the way up to the nose is the center line of the mouth.

- The corners of the mouth line up vertically with the center of the eyes.

- The top of the Ear lines up horizontally just above the eye at the eye brow.

-The bottom of the ear lines up with the base of the nose.

Most of these guidelines can be drawn in on the cube, allowing you to place the head spatially and in perspective.

Below we see an example from Bridgman's Constructive Anatomy demonstrating the planes in the head. These are very basic, but a good way to begin to refine your head form.

Below is an example from Szunyoghy's Human Anatomy for Artists. It further illustrates some of the agreed upon proportions in the head. Included are the space between the eyes equals one eye width. The whole width of the head is five eye widths. Also illustrated is the top and bottom of the ear as they relate to the eye brow and nose (good marker). The width of the nose is also illustrated to be approximately the space between the eyes.

IMPORTANT NOTE*- All these proportions were largely agreed upon during the Renaissance, and are considered guides, not hard and fast rules. they do not necessarily account for the variation of people, races, ages, etc.

Below is another Bridgman example providing some insight into the neck and head the muscles track and connect with the skull. Of particular note is the Streno -cleido- mastoid (#8) a great reference point in figure drawing, spanning from the clavicle to behind the ear.

Student Example

Student Example

Student Example

ANATOMY- MUSCLES OF TORSO

ANATOMY- TORSO

The strength of all figure drawing comes from a mixture of formal skill and anatomical knowledge. Understanding the human body, interior as well as exterior, is essential. Through out history many cultures have preoccupied themselves with depicting the human form. Western Civilization Art reached its investigative height during the Renaissance, also a coinciding focus of science and art. Below is an example of Leonardo DaVinci's Vitruvian Man. This is a clear demonstration of the need to make sense of the human form- in this case the perfection of human form and its relation to the perfect language of Geometry, the perfect circle and square. The figure is inscribed with its proportions measured and reach touching these shapes. Also note Leonardo's proportions for the figure using the measure of a head.

In 1747 we see the example of one of the most accurate representations of the human skeleton in the work of Bernard Siegfried Albinus- Corporis Humani. The following three examples are taken from Drawing Lessons from the Great Masters, Robert Beverly Hale. Here we see the human skeleton displayed not as static, but as if in motion. All bones and structures are presented in fine proportion, accuracy and rendering. Of specific interest is the TRUNK, or the area composed of the Cage and Pelvis. Please note the volume and form of each of these structures and how the artist represented them using line and value. Below is the Ventral position.

The Dorsal Position.

The Lateral Position.

The following four examples are taken from Human Anatomy for Artists by Andras Szunyoghy and Dr Gyorgy Feher. Below is an example focusing on the trunk. Note the relationship of the shapes, proportions, and location of the cage and pelvis. Also see how the top of the cage tapers and slips up into the shoulder girdle (a horizontal ring composed of the clavicles and scapula.) Notice the hollow in the pelvis as it completes the volume of the cage.

Below is an example of just the Cage (or Thorax.) It is important to note the volumetric shape of this structure (the space inside is loosely egg shaped). Again we see the taper at the top, and the opening at the bottom. All ribs radiate from the spinal column and MOST attach at the sternum, some being short arcs others being long loping arcs. It is important to note that these ribs are not cylindrical curves, but thick flat curves, and in most cases with flex joints (look just to the left and right of the sternum to see a plane shift at that junction.)

Below is the Dorsal View of the Cage. Here we see the spinal column and ribs reaching around to the front. Again we see a plane shift on these flat rib shapes- they are not round rings, but a segmented arc (think about breathing and how important it is for some flex to happen.)

In this and the last example note how the artist presented the sense of volume inside the cage, through the ribs we see the continuation of each rib but it recedes through value shift and line (possibly atmospheric perspective!)

Below we see the Dorsal trunk (back) focusing of the shoulder girdle. Note the shape and form of the scapula, where it lies on the cage, the angle at which it rises to meet the clavicle on the front.

Below is an example of the Pelvis take from The Human Figure, Jon H. Vanderpoel. Here we see a good description of contour line as it relates to the undulating form of the pelvis. Notice the butterfly shape of the structure and the hollows within. Important landmarks are the ilium crest(upper most point of the pelvis, the semicircular shapes) and the Ischium (rings at the bottom) and the Sacrum (on the backside the area around the Coccyx)

Here is an example of the Spinal Column (Human Anatomy for Artists) illustrating the three views and most importantly the gentle S- like curve. Notice the shapes of the vertebrae, cylindrical in front and wing protrusions in the back. Also observe the relative size of the vertebrae big to small top to bottom.Another Example from John Vanderpoel illustrating the angles of these forms with the body. Note how and where they open and constrict on opposite sides.

Please take a moment to see Robert Beverly Hale give a lecture on basic anatomy.

Rib Cage 1

Rib Cage 2

Unrealized Monument

A monument is a type of structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, or simply as an example of historic architecture.
                                                                                           -Wikipedia

Using the term "Monument" as an open concept for inspiration, I ask you to bring in research materials, reference images, and a few thumbnail sketches for a monument you would like to design. This can be a realistic project or a completely theoretical exercise, either way I would like to see you bring a concept in your mind to fruition in the form of a perspective drawing. Remember it can be as big or small as you want, inside a building or outside or anywhere, or you can challenge traditional notions of a monument or follow convention. I would suggest that you choose your concept with the fore thought that it is to be a perspective drawing, so large scale organic subject matter would have to conform to this.

Below are some examples of monuments and spaces that would comply with the definition roughly. 

Claes Oldenburg 

Claes Oldenburg

Robert Smithson

Robert Smithson

Christo and Jean- Claude

Christo and Jean- Claude

Christo and Jean- Claude

Christo and Jean- Claude

 Christo and Jean- Claude

Christo and Jean- Claude

Maya Lin

Stonehendge

Basic Perspective

Perspective- a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface.

Linear Perspective - a mathematical system for representing three-dimensional objects and space on a two-dimensional surface by means of intersecting lines that are drawn vertically and horizontally and that radiate from one point(one-point perspective),two points (two-point perspective), or several points on a horizon line as perceived by a viewer imagined in an arbitrarily fixed position.

Atmospheric Perspective (or Aerial Perspective)- a technique of rendering depth or distance in painting or drawing by modifying the tone or hue and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane, esp. by reducing distinctive local colors and contrasts of light and dark to a uniform light bluish-gray color.

Picture Plane- An imaginary "pane of glass" at which the viewers gaze meets the illusion created on the two dimensional surface. To extend the analogy, the viewer would trace on this glass the three- dimensional object. Not just the material surface, a concept.

Horizon Line- A level horizontal line located at eye level.

Vanishing Point- A point of convergence of parallel lines located on the Horizon Line.

Orthogonal Lines- Lines that are parallel to the ground plane and move back to a vanishing point on the horizon line.

Transversal Lines- Lines that are parallel to the picture plane and each other, establish the hiegth and width of the object.

Scale- The apparent size of an object.

This example illustrates the same object in relationship to the Horizon Line (Above and Below.) Notice whether you can see the top of the cube or the bottom, which way the diagonal lines slope to the vanishing point.

The following Four examples were taken from Basic Perspective Drawing- John Montague.

This example illustrates the top of a cylinder (circle) as it approaches the Horizon Line. Notice how it changes to an elipse and further squeezes to a line.

Piranesi- Prision Series

Rackstraw Downes

Al Held

Student Example

Student Example

Student Example